Freeman, Christopher (1994), "The Economics of Technical Change: Critical Survey", Cambridge Journal of Economics, Vol. 18, pp. 463-514.

Pavitt, Keith (1990), "What we know about the Strategic Management of Technology", California Management Review, Vol. 32(Spring), pp. 3-26.

Roberts, Edward B. (1988), "Managing Invention and Innovation: What We’ve Learnt", Research· Technology Management, Vol. 31, No. 1 (Jan-Feb).

Utterback, James M. (1974), "The Innovation Process", Science, Vol 183 (Feb 15th), pp.658-662, reprinted in Readings in the Management of Technological Innovation, eds. Tushman and Moore (1988), New York: Harper Collins.

Van de Ven, Andrew (1986), "Central Problems in the Management of Innovation", Management Science, Vol. 32, No. 5 (May).

2.1 Basic Issues

Clark, Kim B. (1985), "The Interaction of Design Hierarchies and Market Concepts in Technological Evolution", Research Policy, Vol. 14, pp. 235-251.

Nelson, R. R. and S. G. Winter (1977), "In Search of Useful Theory of Innovation", Research Policy, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 36-76.

Pavitt, Keith (1984), "Patterns of Technical Change: Towards a Taxonomy and a Theory", Research Policy, Vol. 13, No. 6, pp. 343-373.

Rosenberg, Nathan (1982), Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economics, Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press, chapters 3,6,7.

Rosenberg, Nathan (1994), "Neglected Uncertainties in the Economics of Technical Change", Conference on Growth and Development working paper, CEPR, Stanford University.

2.2 Creative Destruction and Evolutionary Change

Abernathy, William J. and James M. Utterback (1978), "Patterns of Industrial Innovation", Technology Review, Cambridge (MA): MIT Press, pp. 40-47.

Abernathy, William J. and Kim Clark (1985), "Innovation: Mapping the Winds of Creative Destruction", Research Policy, No 14, pp. 3-22

Arthur, W. B. (1988), "Competing Technologies: An Overview", Technical Change and Economic Theory, ed. Dosi, et. al., New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 590-607.

David, Paul (1985), "Clio and the Economics of QWERTY", American Economic Review, Vol. 75(2), pp.  332-337.

Gould, Stephen Jay, The Panda's Thumb of Technology, Natural History, Vol 96 No 1, 1986, reprinted in Readings in the Management of Technological Innovation, eds. Tushman and Moore (1988), New York: Harper Collins.

Nelson, R. and S. Winter (1982), An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change, Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press, Parts I and II (pp. 1-136).

Nelson, Richard R. (1995), "Recent Evolutionary Theorizing about Economic Change", Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. XXXIII (March), pp. 48-90.

Penrose, Edith Tilton (1952), "Biological Analogies in the Theory of the Firm", American Economic Review, Vol. 42, No. 5 (Dec), pp. 804-819.

Sastry, M. Anjali (1997), "Problems and Paradoxes in a Model of Punctuated Organizational Changes", Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 42, No. 2 (Jun), pp. 237-275.

Schumpeter, Joseph (1942), Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, 2nd ed., London: George Allen & Unwin, Ltd, chapters VI-X, pp. 72-120.

Tushman, Michael L. and Philip Anderson (1986), "Technological Discontinuities and Organizational Environments", Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 31, pp. 439-465.

Tushman, Michael L. and Lori Rosenkopf (1992), "Organizational Determinants of Technological Change: Towards a Sociology of Technological Evolution", in Research in Organizational Behavior, eds. B. M. Staw and L. L. Cummings, JAI Press, Greenwich, CT, pp. 311-347.

Utterback, James M. (1994), Mastering the Dynamics of Innovation, Boston (MA): Harvard University Press, chapters 3,4,6,7.

2.3 Technological Trajectories

Christensen, Clayton M. and Richard S. Rosenbloom (1995), "Explaining the Attacker’s Advantage: Technological Paradigms, Organizational Dynamics and the Value Network", Research Policy, Vol. 24, pp. 233-257.

Dosi, Giovanni (1982), "Technological Paradigms and Technological Trajectories", Research Policy, Vol. 11, No. 3, pg. 147-162.

Foster, R (1986), "The S-curve: A New Forecasting Tool.", Innovation: The Attacker’s Advantage, New York: Summit Books, pp. 88-111.

Rosenberg, Nathan, "Directions of Technological Change: Inducement Mechanisms and Focusing Devices", Economic Development and Cultural Change, pg. 1-24.

Sahal, D. (1985), "Technology Guide-Posts and Innovation Avenues", Research Policy, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 61-82.

2.4 Diffusion of Technologies

Abrahamson, Eric and Lori Rosenkopf (1997), "Social Network Effects on the Extent of Innovation Diffusion: A Computer Simulation", Organization Science, Vol. 8, NO. 3 (May-Jun), pp. 289-309.

Attewell, Paul (1992), "Technology Diffusion and Organizational Learning: The Case of Business Computing", Organization Science, Vol. 3, No. 1 (Feb).

Bresnahan, T. and M. Trajtenberg (1995), "General Purpose Technologies: Engines of Growth?", Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 65, pp. 83-108.

David, Paul (1990), "The Dynamo and the Computer: An Historical Perspective on the Modern Productivity Paradox", American Economic Review, Vol. 80(2), pp. 355-361.

Griliches, Z (1957), "Hybrid Corn: An Exploration in the Economics of Technological Change", Econometrica.

Rogers, Everett M. (1983), Diffusion of Innovations, third edition, New York: The Free Press, chapters 1,3,6.

(See section 5.1 for problem-solving perspectives)

3.1 Incentives and Appropriability

Arrow, K. (1962), "Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources for Invention", The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity, NBER, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Katz, Michael and Carl Shapiro (1985), "Network Externalities, Competition and Compatibility", American Economic Review, Vol. 75, No. 3, pp. 424-440.

Levin, Richard C., Alvin K. Klevorick, Richard Nelson and Sidney G. Winter (1987), "Appropriating the Returns from Industrial Research and Development", Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Vol. 3, pp. 783-831.

Mansfield, Edwin (1961), "Technical Change and the Rate of Imitation", Econometrica, Vol. 29, No. 4 (Oct).

Mansfield, Edwin, Mark Schwartz and Samuel Wagner (1981), "Imitation Costs and Patents: An Empirical Study", The Economic Journal, Vol. 91, pp. 907-918.

Mowery, David C. and Nathan Rosenberg (1979), "The Influence of Market Demand upon Innovation: A Critical Review of Some Empirical Studies", Research Policy, Vol. 8, pp. 102-153.

Schmookler, Jacob and Oswald Brownlee (1962), "The Economics of Research and Development: Determinants of Inventive Activity", American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, Vol. 52, No. 2 (May), pp. 165-176.

Teece, David J. (1987), "Profiting from Technological Innovation: Implications for Integration, Collaboration, Licencing and Public Policy", The Competitive Challenge: Strategies for Industrial Innovation and Renewal. ed. David J Teece, Cambridge (MA): Ballinger, pp. 185-219 (chap. 9).

3.2 Technology and Industry Structure

Cohen, Wesley M. and Richard C. Levin (1989), "Empirical Studies of Innovation and Market Structure", chap. 18 of Handbook of Industrial Innovation, Vol. 2, eds. R. Schmalensee and R.D. Willig, Holland: Elsevier Science Publishers.

Scherer, F. M. and David Ross (1990), Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance, third edition, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, chapter 17, pp. 613-660.

Sutton, John (1997), Technology and Market Structure: Theory and History, chapter xxx (forthcoming).

Tirole, Jean (1988), The Theory of Industrial Organization, Cambridge(MA): MIT Press, chapter 10, pp. 389-414.

Utterback, James M. and Fernando F. Suárez (1993), "Innovation, Competition and Industry Structure", Research Policy, Vol. 22, pp. 1-21.

3.3. Firm Size

Acs, Z. J. and David B. Audretsch (1988), "Innovation in Large and Small Firms: An Empirical Analysis", American Economic Review, Vol. 78, No. 4 (Sep).

Cohen, Wesley M. and Richard C. Levin (1989), "Empirical Studies of Innovation and Market Structure", chap. 18 of Handbook of Industrial Innovation, Vol. 2, eds. R. Schmalensee and R.D. Willig, Holland: Elsevier Science Publishers.

Soete, L. (1979), "Firm Size and Innovative Activity: The Evidence Reconsidered", European Economic Review, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 319-340.

3.4 Incumbents and Entrants

(See also section 4.2 on Timing and the Dynamics of Technology Strategy.)

Gilbert and Newbery (1982), "Preemptive Patenting and the Persistence of Monopoly", American Economic Review, Vol. 72(3), pp. 314-26.

Gans, Joshua S. and Scott Stern (1997), "Incumbency and R&D Incentives: Licensing the Gale of Creative Destruction", mimeo, MIT Sloan School and Melbourne Business School.

Henderson, Rebecca M. (1993), "Underinvestment and Incompetence As Responses to Radical Innovation: Evidence From the Photolithographic Alignment Equipment Industry", Rand Journal of Economics, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Summer), pp. 248-270.

Henderson, Rebecca M. and Kim Clark (1990), "Architectural Innovation: The Reconfiguration of Existing Product Technologies and the Failure of Established Firms", Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 35, pp. 9-30.

Lerner, J., (1996), "Racing in the Disk Drive Industry", mimeo, Harvard Business School.

Reinganum, J. F. (1983), "Uncertain Innovation and the Persistence of Monopoly", American Economic Review, Vol. 73, pp. 741-48.

Tripsas, Mary (1997), "Unravelling the Process of Creative Destruction: Complementary Assets and Incumbent Survival in the Typesetter Industry", Forthcoming, Strategic Management Journal Special Issue.

3.5 The Boundaries of Firms

Baker, George, Robert Gibbons and Kevin J. Murphy (1997), "Implicit Contracts and the Theory of the Firm", mimeo.

Hart, Oliver D. and John Moore (1990), "Property Rights and the Nature of the Firm", Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 98, No. 6, Pg. 1119-1159.

Langlois, Richard N. (1995), "Innovation, Networks, and Vertical Integration", Research Policy, Vol. 24, No. 4 (July), Page 543-562.

Mowery, David C. (1995), "The Boundaries of the U.S. Firm in R&D" in Coordination and Information: Historical Perspectives on the Organization of Enterprise, eds. Naomi R. Lamoreaux and Daniel M. G. Raff, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Pisano, Gary P., "The R&D Boundaries of the Firm: An Empirical Analysis", Aministrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 35, pp. 153-176.

Teece, David (1988), "Technological Change and the Nature of the Firm", Technical Change and Economic Theory, eds. Dosi, et. al., pp. 256-281 (chapter 12), London: Pinter.

Williamson, O. (1985), The Economic Institutions of Capitalism, New York: Free Press, chapters 2-4 (pp. 43-102).

3.6 Geography

Audretsch, David B. and Maryann P. Feldman (1996), "R&D Spillovers and the Geography of Innovation and Production", American Economic Review, Vol. 86, No. 3 (June).

Jaffe, Adam B., Manuel Trajtenberg and Rebecca Henderson (1993), "Geographic Localization of Knowledge Spillovers as Evidenced by Patent Citations", Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol 108, Vol. 3 (Aug), pp. 577-98.

Saxenian, A. (1991), "The Origins and Dynamics of Production Networks in Silicon Valley", Research Policy, Vol. 20, No. 5, pp. 423-437.

Shane, Scott (1993), "Cultural Influences on National Differences in Rates of Innovation", Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 59-74 (Jan).

3.7 University and Basic Scientific Research

Allen, Thomas J. "Distinguishing Science from Technology", The Human Side of Managing Technological Innovation, ed. Ralph Katz, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 307-319.

Nelson, R. (1959), "The Simple Economics of Basic Scientific Research", Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 67, No. 3, pp. 297-306.

Nelson, R. (1962), "The Link Between Science and Invention: The Case of the Transistor", The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity, NBER, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, pp. 549-586.

Rosenberg, Nathan (1990), "Why Do Firms Do Basic Research (With Their Own Money)?", Research Policy, Vol. 19, No. 2 (Apr.), pp. 165-174.

4.1 Technology Strategy and Firm Performance

Baldwin, Carliss Y and Kim B. Clark (1997), "Managing In An Age of Modularity", Harvard Business Review, Vol. 75, No. 5 Sep/Oct) 1997, pp. 84-93.

Bresnahan, T., M. Trajtenberg and S. Stern (1997), "Market Segmentation and the Sources of Rents from Innovation: The Case of Personal Computers in the Late 1980s", Rand Journal of Economics, Vol. 28, pp. S17-S44.

Clark, Kim B. (1989), "Investment in New Technology and Competitive Advantage", The Competitive Challenge: Strategies for Industrial Innovation and Renewal, ed. David J Teece, Cambridge (MA): Ballinger.

Clark, Kim B., "Competition, Technical Diversity and Radical Innovation in the US Auto Industry", Research on Technological Innovation, Management and Policy, Vol. 1, pp. 103-149, JAI Press.

Cooper, Arnold C. and Dan Schendel (1976), "Strategic Responses to Technological Threats", Business Horizons, reprinted in Readings in the Management of Technological Innovation, eds. Tushman and Moore (1988), New York: Harper Collins.

Gambardella, Alfonso (1992), "Competitive Advantage from In-House Scientific Research: The US Pharmaceutical Industry in the 1980s", Research Policy Vol. 21, pp. 319-407.

Henderson, Rebecca and Ian Cockburn (1994), "Measuring Competence? Exploring Firm Effects in Pharmaceutical Research", Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 15 (Special Issue; winter), pp. 63-84.

Henderson, Rebecca and Ian Cockburn (1996), "Scale, Scope, and Spillovers: The Determinants of Research Productivity in Drug Discovery", Rand Journal of Economics, Vol. 27, No. 1, Pg. 32-59.

Lerner, Joshua (1994), "The Importance of Patent Scope: An Empirical Analysis", Rand Journal of Economics, Vol. 25, No. 2 (Summer).

McGahan, Anita M. and Yoffie (1994), "Creating Value and Setting Standards: The Lessons of Consumer Electronics for Personal Digital Assistants", HBS Working Paper.

Porter, Michael E., The Technological Dimension of Competitive Strategy, Research on Technological Innovation, Management and Policy, Vol 1, pp 1-33. JAI Press, 1983.

Roberts, Edward B. (1995), "Benchmarking the Strategic Management of Technology-I", Research· Technology Management (Jan-Feb).

Roberts, Edward B. and Charles A. Berry, "Entering New Businesses: Selecting Strategies for Success", Sloan Management Review, reprinted in Readings in the Management of Technological Innovation, eds. Tushman and Moore (1988), New York: Harper Collins.

4.2 Timing and the Dynamics of Technology Strategy

See also Section 3.4 on Incumbents and Entrants.

Bower, Joseph L. and Clayton M. Christensen (1995), "Disruptive Technologies: Catching the wave", Harvard Business Review (Jan-Feb).

Christensen, Clayton M. (1992), "The Limits of the Technology S-Curve", Parts I and II, Production and Operation Management.

Christensen, Clayton M., Fernando F. Suárez and James M. Utterback (1996), "Strategies for Survival in Fast-Changing Industries", MIT ICRMOT Working Paper WP#152-96.

Cockburn, I. And R. Henderson (1994), "Racing to Invest? The Dynamics of Competition in Ethical Drug Discovery, Journal of Economics and Management Strategy, Vol. 3, pp. 481-519.

Reinganum, J. F. (1989), "The Timing of Innovation: Research, Development and Diffusion", Handbook of Industrial Organization, eds. R. Schmalensee and R. D. Willig, B.V.: Elsevier Science Publishers, Vol. I, chap. 14, pp. 850-908.

4.3 Knowledge and Capabilities

Burgelman, Robert A. (1994), "Fading Memories: A Process Theory of Strategic Business Exit in Dynamic Environments", Administrative Science Quarterly.

Burgelman, Robert A. and Richard S. Rosenbloom, Technology Strategy: An evolutionary Process Perspective, Research on Technological Innovation, Management and Policy, Vol 4, pp 1-23. JAI Press, 1989. Reprinted in Managing Strategic Innovation and Change, eds. Tushman and Anderson, New York: Oxford University Press.

Cohen, W. and D. Levinthal (1990), "Absorbtive Capacity: A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation", Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 35, pp. 128-152.

Kogut, Bruce and Udo Zander (1992), "Knowledge of the Firm, Combinative Capabilities, and the Replication of Technology", Organization Science, Vol. 3, No. 3 (Aug), pp. 383-397.

Ocasio, William (1996), "An Attention-Based View of the Firm", forthcoming, Strategic Management Journal Special Issue.

Rosenbloom, Richard S. and Michael A. Cusumano(1987), "Technological Pioneering and Competitive Advantage: The Birth of the VCR Industry,", California Management Review.

Teece, David J., Gary Pisano and Amy Shuen (1997), "Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Management", Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 18, No. 7, pp. 509-533.

4.4 Inter-Organizational Technological Relationships

Gans, Joshua S. and Scott Stern (1997), "Incumbency and R&D Incentives: Licensing the Gale of Creative Destruction", mimeo, MIT Sloan School and Melbourne Business School.

Katz, Michael (1987), "R&D Rivalry with Licensing or Imitation", American Economic Review, Vol. 77, No. 3 (June).

Freeman, Christopher (1991), "Networks of Innovators: A Synthesis of Research Issues", Research Policy, Vol. 20, No. 5, pp. 499-514.

Hagedoorn, John and Geert Duysters (1997), "External Appropriation of Innovative Capabilities: The Choice Between Strategic Technology Alliances and Mergers and Acquisitions", Academy of Management Meeting, (TIM Division Best Paper)

Hagedoorn, John and Jos Schakenraad (1994), The effect of Strategic Technology Alliances on Company Performance, Strategic Management Journal, Vol 15, 291-309.

Kogut, Bruce (1988), "Joint Ventures: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives", Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 9, pp. 319-332.

4.5 Technology and Economics

McGahan, Anita M. and Michael E. Porter (1997), "How Much Does Industry Matter, Really?", Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 18 (Summer Special Issue), pp. 15-30.

Porter, Michael E. (1981), "The Contributions of Industrial Organization to Strategic Management", Academy of Management Review, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 609-620.

Porter, Michael E. (1996), "What Is Strategy?", Harvard Business Review, Nov.-Dec., pp. 61-78.

Rumelt, Richard P. (1991), "How Much Does Industry Matter?", Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 12, pp. 167-185.

Rumelt, R. P., D. Schendel and D. J. Teece (1991), "Strategic Management and Economics", Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 12, Special Issue, Winter 1991, pp. 5-29.

Roberts, Edward B. (1979), "Stimulating Technological Innovation — Organizational Approaches", Research Management, Vol. XXII, No. 6 (Nov)

5.1 The Innovation Process, Knowledge and Learning

Arrow, K. (1969), "Classificatory Notes on the Production and Transmission of Technological Knowledge", American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, Vol 59, pp. 29-35.

Bohn (1994), "Measuring and Managing Technological Knowledge", Sloan Management Review (Fall).

Leonard-Barton, Dorothy (1995), Wellsprings of Knowledge: Building and Sustaining the Sources of Innovation, Boston (MA): Harvard Business School Press, chapters 3,4,7.

Polanyi, Michael (1962), Personal knowledge: towards a post-critical philosophy, New York: Harper Torchbooks, chapters xxx.

Simon, Herbert A.(1981), The Sciences of the Artificial, second edition, Cambridge(MA): MIT Press, chapters 1-3.

Tyre, Marcie J and Eric von Hippel (1997), "The Situated Nature of Adaptive Learning in Organizations", Organization Science, Vol. 8, No. 1.( Jan/Feb), pp. 71-83.

Van de Ven, Andrew H. and Douglas Polley, "Learning While Innovating", Organization Science, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 92-117.

von Hippel, Eric and Marcie Tyre (1995), "How Learning By Doing is Done: Problem Identification in Novel Process Equipment", Research Policy, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 1-12.

von Hippel, Eric (1988), The Sources of Innovation, New York: Oxford University Press, chapters 1-4.

von Hippel, E. (1994), "Sticky Information and the Locus of Problem Solving: Implications for Innovation", Management Science, Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 429-439.

5.2 Developing New Products and Processes; Entrepreneurs.

Brown, S. L. and K. M. Eisenhardt (1996), "Product Development: Past Research, Present Findings and Future Directions", Academy of Management Review, Vol. 20, pp. 343-348.

Burgelman Robert A., (1984), "Managing the Internal Corporate Venturing Process", Sloan Management Review (Winter), pp. 33-48, reprinted in Readings in the Management of Technological Innovation, eds. Tushman and Moore (1988), New York: Harper Collins.

Clark, Kim B. and Steven C. Wheelwright(1992), "Organizing and Leading ‘Heavyweight’ Development Teams", California Management Review, Vol. 34, No. 3 (Spring), pp. 9-28.

Cusumano, Michael A. (1992), "Shifting Economies: From Craft Production to Flexible Systems and Software Factories", Research Policy, Vol. 21, pp. 453-480.

Cusumano, Michael A. and Kentaro Nobeoka (1992), "Strategy, Structure and Performance in Product Development: Observations from the Auto Industry", Research Policy, Vol. 21, pp. 265-293.

Iansiti, Marco and Kim B. Clark (1994), "Integration and Dynamic Capability: Evidence from Product Development in Automobiles and Mainframe Computers", Industrial and Corporate Change, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 557-603.

Maidique, M. A. and B. J. Zirger (1985), "The New Product Learning Cycle", Research Policy, Vol. 14, pp. 299-313.

Marquis, Donald G. (1959), "The Anatomy of Successful Innovations", Innovation Magazine, reprinted in Readings in the Management of Technological Innovation, eds. Tushman and Moore (1988), New York: Harper Collins.

Meyer, Marc H. and Edward B. Roberts (1986), "New Product Strategy in Small Technology-Based Firms: A Pilot Study", Management Science, Vol. 32, No. 7 (July), pp. 806-821)

Nobeoka, Kentaro and Michael A. Cusumano (1997), "Multiproject Strategy and Sales Growth: The Benefits of Rapid Design Transfer in New Product Development", Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 169-186.

Quinn, James Brian, T. L. Doorley and P.C. Paquette (1990), "Technology in Services: Rethinking Strategic Focus", Sloan Management Review, Vol. 31, No. 2 (Winter) pp. 79-87.

Roberts, Edward B. (1991), Entrepreneurs in High Technology: Lessons from MIT and Beyond, New York: Oxford University Press, chapter 3-5,9,10,12.

Rothwell, R. et. al (1974), "SAPPHO Updated - Project SAPPHO Phase II", Research Policy, Vol. 3, pp. 258-291.

Shane, Scott (1996), "Explaining Variation in Rates of Entrepreneurship in the United States: 1899-1988", Journal of Management, Vol. 22, No. 5, pp. 747-781.

Wheelwright, S. and K. Clark (1992), "Creating Project Plans to Focus Product Development", Harvard Business Review (Mar-Apr).

Wheelwright, S. and K. Clark (1992), "The Concept of a Development Strategy", Revolutionizing Product Development, New York: The Free Press, pp. 28-56 (chapter 2).

5.3 Managing R&D Professionals; Communications

Allen, Thomas J. (1977), Managing the Flow of Technology, Cambridge (MA): MIT Press, reprinted 1993, chapters 4-8.

Allen, Thomas J. and Ralph Katz (1992), "Age, Education and the Technical Ladder", IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, Vol. 39, No. 3 (August).

Ancona, Deborah G. and David F. Caldwell (1997), "Making Teamwork Work: Boundary Management in Product Development Teams", Managing Strategic Innovation and Change, eds. Tushman and Anderson, New York: Oxford University Press.

Bailyn, Lotte (1985), "Autonomy in the Industrial R&D Lab", Human Resource Management, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 129-146.

Katz, Ralph and Thomas J. Allen, "Project Performance and the Locus of Influence in the R&D Matrix", Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 67-87.

Katz, Ralph, Michael Tushman and Thomas J. Allen (1995), "The Influence of Supervisory Promotion and Network Location on Subordinate Careers in a Dual Ladder RD&E Setting", Managment Science, Vol. 41, No. 5 (May), Pg. 848-863.

Maidique, Modesto A. (1980), "Entrepreneurs, Champions, and Technical Innovation", Sloan Management Review (Winter), Vol. 21, No. 2 pp. 59-76, reprinted in Readings in the Management of Technological Innovation, eds. Tushman and Moore (1988), New York: Harper Collins.

Roberts, Edward B. and Alan R. Fusfeld (1981), "Staffing the Innovative Technology-based Organization", Sloan Management Review (Spring).

Sakakibara, Kiyonori and D. Eleanor Westney (1992), "Japan’s Management of Global Innovation: Technology Management Crossing Borders", reprinted in Managing Strategic Innovation and Change, eds. Tushman and Anderson, New York: Oxford University Press.

Shane, Scott and S. Venkataraman (1996), "Renegade and Rational Championing Strategies", Organization Studies, Vol. 17, No. 5, pp. 751-771.

5.4 Organizational Change; Adopting and Using Technology

Leonard-Barton, D. (1988), "Implementation as Mutual Adaptation of Technology and Organization", Research Policy, Vol. 17, pp. 251-267.

Orlikowski, Wanda J. (1992), "The Duality of Technology: Rethinking the Concept of Technology in Organizations", Organization Science, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 398-427.

Tyre, Marcie J. and Oscar Hauptman (1992), "Effectiveness of Organizational Responses to Technological Change in the Production Process", Organization Science, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 301-321.

Tyre, Marcie J. and Wanda J. Orlikowski (1994), "Windows of Opportunity: Temporal Patterns of Technological Adaptation in Organizations", Organization Science, Vol. 5, No. 1 (Feb), pp. 98-118.

Tyre, Marcie J. and Wanda J. Orlikowski (1993), "Exploiting Opportunities for Technological Improvement in Organizations", Sloan Management Review (Fall).

Van de Ven, Andrew H. and Marshall Scott Poole,(1995), "Explaining Development and Change in Organizations", Academy of Management Review, Vol 20, No. 3 (July).

5.5 Organizational Economics of Technology

Aghion, Philippe and Jean Tirole (1994), "The Management of Innovation", The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Nov '94, Pg. 1185-1209.

Athey, Susan and A. Schmutzler (1995), "Product and Process Flexibility in an Innovative Environment", Rand Journal of Economics, Vol. 26(4), pp. 557-574.

Athey, Susan and Scott Stern (1996), "An Empirical Framework for Testing Theories About Complementarity in Organizational Design", MIT Working paper.

Brynjolfsson, Erik (1994), "Information Assets, Technology, and Organization", Management Science, Vol. 40, No. 12.

Gibbons, Robert, "Game Theory and Garbage Cans", forthcoming in Nonrational Elements of Organizational Decision Making, eds. R. Stern and J. Halpern, Cornell University Press.

Granovetter, Mark (1985), "Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness", American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 91, No. 3 (Nov), pp. 481-510.

Holmstrom, Bengt (1989), "Agency Costs and Innovation", Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, Vol. 12(3), pp. 305-327.

Milgrom, P. and John Roberts (1990), "The Economics of Modern Manufacturing: Technology, Strategy and Organization", American Economic Review, pp. 511-528.